welch spectral estimator Search Results


welch’s method  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc welch’s method
Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using <t>Welch’s</t> method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.
Welch’s Method, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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p-welch algorithm  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc p-welch algorithm
Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using <t>Welch’s</t> method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.
P Welch Algorithm, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
p-welch algorithm - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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welch power spectral density estimate  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc welch power spectral density estimate
Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using <t>Welch’s</t> method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.
Welch Power Spectral Density Estimate, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
welch power spectral density estimate - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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power spectral density (psd) using the welch method of spectral estimation  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc power spectral density (psd) using the welch method of spectral estimation
Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using <t>Welch’s</t> method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.
Power Spectral Density (Psd) Using The Welch Method Of Spectral Estimation, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
power spectral density (psd) using the welch method of spectral estimation - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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matlab function spectrum.welch  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc matlab function spectrum.welch
Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using <t>Welch’s</t> method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.
Matlab Function Spectrum.Welch, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
matlab function spectrum.welch - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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welch’s estimate of power spectral density  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc welch’s estimate of power spectral density
Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using <t>Welch’s</t> method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.
Welch’s Estimate Of Power Spectral Density, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
welch’s estimate of power spectral density - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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welch spectral estimator  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc welch spectral estimator
Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using <t>Welch’s</t> method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.
Welch Spectral Estimator, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/welch spectral estimator/product/MathWorks Inc
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
welch spectral estimator - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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pwelch matlab function  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc pwelch matlab function
Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using <t>Welch’s</t> method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.
Pwelch Matlab Function, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/pwelch matlab function/product/MathWorks Inc
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
pwelch matlab function - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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matlab function “spectrum.welch  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc matlab function “spectrum.welch
Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using <t>Welch’s</t> method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.
Matlab Function “Spectrum.Welch, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
matlab function “spectrum.welch - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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welch’s power spectral density estimate using pwelch matlab’s function  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc welch’s power spectral density estimate using pwelch matlab’s function
Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using <t>Welch’s</t> method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.
Welch’s Power Spectral Density Estimate Using Pwelch Matlab’s Function, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
welch’s power spectral density estimate using pwelch matlab’s function - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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welch's power spectrum density estimate function  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc welch's power spectrum density estimate function
Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using <t>Welch’s</t> method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.
Welch's Power Spectrum Density Estimate Function, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/welch's power spectrum density estimate function/product/MathWorks Inc
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
welch's power spectrum density estimate function - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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Image Search Results


Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using Welch’s method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Changes in Ugandan Climate Rainfall at the Village and Forest Level

doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21427-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fusion of satellite rainfall data with map of Uganda at the village level. Shown are the pattern of cumulative rainfall over the 34-year dataset, and the frequency content of the rainfall demonstrating twice-yearly rainy seasons. ( A ) Satellite grid overlay over Uganda showing the 44,034 villages as polygons, overlain with the 61 × 61, 0.1° × 0.1°, satellite grid (map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 ). Darker grey regions represent water bodies (Lake Albert upper left, and Lake Victoria lower right). ( B ) Rainfall per day from each of 3,721 grid locations for 12,340 days. Abscissa labeled in years. ( C ) Cumulative rainfall (in mm in colorbar) on 61 × 61 grid for all 12,419 days over 34 years from 1983–2016. Map created using ArcGIS 10.4.1, http://support.esri.com/Products/Desktop/ArcGIS-desktop/arcmap/10-4-1 . ( D ) Fusion of cumulative rainfall with village and country map. Note that the heaviest rains are over the rainforest within the Congo River Basin to the west of Uganda, and where the northeast corner of Lake Victoria abuts the Ugandan land mass. The driest region is in northeast Uganda, where the Karamoja district abuts northwest Kenya and South Sudan. ( E ) Spectral density using Welch’s method in decibels (dB) estimated from each of 3,721 grid locations over 12,419 days, with mean and ± 1 SD. Hamming window of 3 × 365 with 95% overlap. Points plotted as decibels (10log10). ( F ) Spectrogram with mean removed from signal. Note the dominant rainy cycles at 1× and 2× per year.

Article Snippet: Spectra were calculated, following removal of the mean from each of the 3,721 time series, using Hamming data windows 3-years in length (3*365 days), with 95% overlap of these windows, and 1-sided spectral estimations performed using Welch’s method as implemented in Matlab function pwelch .

Techniques: Labeling